Papers

Flow is one of the four major physical measurements in processes. Flow meters may be classified in four categories:
differential pressure, velocity, mass and positive displacement or volumetric. Each category has advantages and
disadvantages; however, the focus of this paper will be the differential pressure flow meters.

This paper presents fundamental information necessary to understand and appreciate the concept of total
gas energy in a natural gas pipeline. That is, to be able to converse with peers within the natural gas
industry and understand basic concepts and terminology.

A Coriolis mass flow meter is a meter that can be used to measure liquids and gases. It directly measures mass and
density and these can be used to calculate actual volume flow in liquids.

Transferring the knowledge base regarding the measurement equipment between a field measurement technician and a
corporate measurement analyst can be extremely challenging. A Field technician’s skill set is tested on a routine basis;
therefore, the technician must be knowledgeable in:

From these definitions, it appears that one could conclude that a standard should have value; be established by general
consent or by an organization; be a “yardstick” to measure quantity, quality, and value; and be a “base or support” upon
which one can built procedures and policies.

Accurate flow measurement is key in custody transfer applications. To ensure reliable
measurement during energy transactions, it is necessary to incorporate state-of-the-art
technologies into engineered solutions.

Auditing evolved as a business practice as owners began to realize a standardized form of accounting must exist to prevent
fraud. Financial audits made their way into businesses during the late 1700s. The industrial revolution brought about the
separation of job duties beyond what a sole proprietor or family could oversee. Managers were hired to supervise the
employees and the business processes.

This paper will discuss pycnometers and there uses during densitometer provings. The primary objective will be to provide
guidance in the operation and maintenance of a densitometer and pycnometer (pyc) uses, as well as common issues found
during normal conditions.

The purpose of this paper is to explain the measurement of natural gas for custody transfer applications through the
use of ultrasonic meters. Specifically, this paper explains the operation of ultrasonic meters, issues surrounding their
performance in natural gas, calibration procedures, and proper installation considerations.

Wet gas measurement is becoming widely used in the modern oil and gas market place. The effect of entrained liquid in gas
and its impact on measurement systems is being researched world-wide by various laboratories and JIP working groups. The
impact can be very significant financially.