Papers

This presentation is intended to illustrate the implementation of a successful project. These principles can be applied to measurement and control projects, LNG projects, and LPG projects. The strategy presented involves performing through preliminary engineering, performing final design and procurement, qualification of installers, construction, testing, commissioning and finally, training and documentation. This presentation focuses on …

DESIGN AND INSTALLATION OF A COMPLETE MEASUREMENT & CONTROL FACILITY Read More »

The monetary value of natural gas is based on its energy content and volume. The energy content and physical constants utilized in determining its volume are computed from analysis. Therefore correct assessment of the value of natural gas is dependent to a large extent on overall analytical accuracy. The largest source of analytical error in …

ADVANCES IN NATURAL GAS SAMPLING TECHNOLOGY Read More »

The level of interest in effective and accurate gas sampling techniques is currently at a very high priority within the natural gas industry. With the fluctuating ranges in natural gas prices, exploration interests, profitability, deregulation and consolidation of the work force, recoverable revenue must be accounted for. At large volume delivery points, a 3-5 BTU …

TECHNIQUES OF COMPOSITE GAS SAMPLING Read More »

Since a gas sampling system can be referred to as a cash register it is very important that the correct sampling method be selected and the appropriate industry standard be followed. Methods reviewed by this paper will include spot sampling, composite sampling, and on-line chromatography. In addition, Gas Processors Association (GPA) 2166-86 and American Petroleum …

TECHNIQUES FOR NATURAL GAS SAMPLING Read More »

Calibration Standards are known concentrations of components of interest used to confirm or determine component concentrations in samples. Calibration standards are used for quality assurance, quality control,measurement and balance, quantitative sample analysis and custody transfer. They should be used anytime it is important to know the composition of your samples and to determine if your …

CALIBRATION STANDARD GASES Read More »

H2O vapor is an undesirable component of natural gas. It takes up space in the pipeline and provides no fuel value. In higher concentrations it can condense into liquid water in the pipeline and cause corrosion, especially in the presence of carbon dioxide or H2S. Liquid water can also cause damage to the equipment utilizing …

DEVICES FOR FIELD DETERMINATION OF H2O IN NATURAL GAS Read More »

Between 1999 and 2005, the Gas Technology Institute(GTI), the American Petroleum Institute (API), the United States Minerals Management Service (MMS), and the Pipeline Research Council International (PRCI) cosponsored an extensive natural gas sampling research program at the Metering Research Facility (MRF), located at Southwest Research Institute (SwRI). The results of this research provided a basis …

LESSONS LEARNED FROM THE API MPMS, CHAPTER 14.1 GAS SAMPLING RESEARCH Read More »

The speed of sound in natural gas is the velocity a sound wave travels in the gas. There are a number of gas properties that affect the speed of sound and they include the composition of the gas, the pressure of the gas and the temperature of the gas. The American Gas Association Report No. …

UNDERSTANDING AGA REPORT NO. 10, SPEED OF SOUND IN NATURAL GAS AND OTHER RELATED HYDROCARBON GASES Read More »

For years, micro GC analysis has been useful as a powerful tool for the fast and reliable analyses of natural gas and other gaseous matrices but, it is yet to prove its capabilities for liquid samples. In this paper, we present a a unique gasifying system for volatile liquid sample introduction in a micro GC. …

MICRO GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY FOR LIQUID PETROLEUM GASS Read More »

Chromatography is a Greek term meaning chroma color and graphein to draw and will encompass several analytical techniques to physically separate various components in an individual sample so they can be individually measured and assigned values. As these individual gas constituents values are calculated to determine an overall value such as heating value or relative …

VERIFYING GAS CHROMATOGRAPHS AT CUSTODY TRANSFER LOCATIONS Read More »