Papers

In April of 2003, revisions to the specification and installation requirements for orifice meters was published by the American Gas Association in the form of the AGA Report No. 3 – Part 2, Fourth Edition. The revisions or changes in the following categories are significant when compared to the 1991 Third Edition publication of AGA …

A REVIEW OF THE REVISIONS TO API 14.3 / AGA 3 – PART 2 Read More »

The measurement of hydrocarbons has evolved significantly through the years, from both a technical and business application perspective. Developments and advances in technology have made the measurement of hydrocarbons more precise, efficient and available. Changes in the energy business environment have placed the measurement of hydrocarbons into a more significant role within organizational and industry …

A NEW PERSPECTIVE ON MEASUREMENT THE IMPACT OF MEASUREMENT IN A CHANGING BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT Read More »

As the worldwide demand for oil and gas forces offshore exploration into waters off the continental shelves into depths of over a mile deep, capital expense spending (CapEx) and production operation expense (OpEx) budgets are slashed and the Environmental Health and Safety (EH&S) requirements as well as some companies’ goals for a ‘greener image’ raises …

PROBLEMS UNIQUE TO OFFSHORE MEASUREMENT Read More »

This paper presents methods for determining the uncertainty of both differential and positive metering stations. It takes into account the type of meter, number of meters in parallel, type of secondary instruments, and the determination of physical properties. The paper then relates this information to potential influence on system balance

The use of orifices for commercial flow measurement has a long history dating back more than 50 years. Orifices are extensively used in the United States natural gas, petroleum and petro-chemical industries and are important as one of the most practical ways to meter large volumes of gas flow. These meters are very reliable and …

PULSATION EFFECTS ON ORIFICE METERING CONSIDERING PRIMARY AND SECONDARY ELEMENTS Read More »

Because of the adverse effects of pulsations on orifice and other types of flow meters there is for many installations, a need to eliminate or decrease the amplitude of pulsations in the piping. This task has been the primary domain of acoustical piping designers who have had both theoretical and practical field experience in such …

PULSATION REDUCTION BY ACOUSTIC FILTERS FOR METERING APPLICATIONS Read More »

Since the discovery of oil and gas and the advent of commercial conveniences, which use oil and gas, companies have been confronted with the need to accurately measure the oil and gas bought and sold in the marketplace. And, as usual, the technology available at the time was brought to bear on the measurement process

The fast pace changes in technology continue to keep us is a state of flux. There isn’t any one who isn’t impacted by the continuous growth and changes in the world of technology. In today’s world, we accept computers and the functions they perform without question. In fact, we place our hard-earned dollars and in …

ECONOMICS OF ELECTRONIC GAS MEASUREMENT 2004 Read More »

Electronic calibrators are fast becoming the benchmark for measurement and are replacing mechanical types of instruments for testing and calibration checks. Techniques, usage, traceability requirements, and problems are changing quickly as technology advances in the development of these instruments. Information concerning these issues is often outdated by the time the technician receives it

Gas measurement has evolved over the last few decades from simple paper chart recorders to sophisticated electronic flow computers. That evolution came about because of technology advances that allow systems to do much more with less power. That power requirement is dictated by the nature of gas exploration and production. Inevitably, natural gas will be …

LOW POWER FLOW COMPUTERS Read More »