Papers

Timely, diligent field testing and calibration of gas volume recording and correcting instruments ensure that measurement information fairly represents actual volumes. The instruments save a company capital and operating costs because they can record or integrate volumes at pressures and temperature above the normal pressure- base conditions specified in contracts for volume calculation. This allows …

FIELD INSPECTION AND CALIBRATION OF VOLUME CORRECTING DEVICES Read More »

The United States Department of Transportation (D.O.T.) is a department of the U.S. Federal Government which oversees all issues regarding transportation within the United States of America and U.S. Territories. Its influence around the world is great and widely respected, but its jurisdiction and power of enforcement is limited to the USA and its territories. …

D.O.T. Requirements for the Transportation of Sample Cylinders Read More »

Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) is a gas composed of one Sulfur Atom and two Hydrogen Atoms. H2S is formed by the decomposition of organic matter and is therefore, found naturally in crude oil and natural gas deposits. H2S is a highly toxic, transparent, colorless and corrosive gas. Due to the toxic and caustic properties of this …

Determination of Hydrogen Sulfide and Total Sulfur in Natural Gas Read More »

H2O vapor is an undesirable component of natural gas. It takes up space in the pipeline and provides no fuel value. In higher concentrations it can condense into liquid water in the pipeline and cause corrosion, especially in the presence of carbon dioxide or H2S. Liquid water can also cause damage to turbines. Because of …

Devices For Field Determination Of H2O in Natural Gas Read More »

Wet gas measurement is becoming widely used in the modern oil and gas market place. The effect of entrained liquid in gas and its impact on measurement systems is being researched world-wide by various laboratories and JIP working groups. The impact can be very significant financially. Hydrocarbon Dew Point can also effect the financial operation …

Dew Point Wet Gas And Its Effect On Natural Gas Sampling Systems Read More »

Hydrocarbon Dew Point (HDP) remains one of the key quality parameters of natural gas streams. Its determination is needed for operational and safety considerations, as well as to satisfy tariffs and regulations in US and overseas pipeline operations. The recent development of shale gas in US has added to the need for accurate and consistent …

Measuring Hydrocarbon Dew Point Read More »

Gas Chromatographs serve as a basis for measurement of individual Natural Gas Components to determine the BTU or Energy Value of the Natural Gas. The use of “On-Line” Gas Chromatographs enables the end user to know 100% of the time the energy value of the gas flowing through their system. It is much like using …

Operation Of On-Line Gas Chromatographs Read More »

Determination of fluid properties and phase conditions of hydrocarbon mixtures is critical for accurate hydrocarbon measurement, representative sampling, and overall pipeline operation. Fluid properties such as compressibility and density are critical for flow measurement, and determination of the hydrocarbon due point is important to verify that heavier hydrocarbons will not condense out of a gas …

Overview of Equations of State (EOS) Read More »

Advances in exploration, drilling and production technologies make it feasible to extract natural gas from sources that in the past have been regarded as unconventional and so, such sources are becoming a larger percentage of the gas supply. The feasibility of producing gas from a source is the primary factor in determining whether that source …

Sampling Challenges Associated with Unconventional Gas Sources Read More »

The need to be able to take a representative sample of a hydrocarbon product is necessary to ensure proper accounting for transactions and efficient product processing. The various sampling methods that are available and the options and limitations of these methods are investigated; the most appropriate equipment to use; the reasons for its use and …

Techniques for Composite Gas Sampling Read More »