Papers

The history of orifice metering began in the early 1900’s. The first test data was done by the U.S. Geological Survey and in 1913 the first “Handbook of Natural Gas” was published. So, as you can tell, orifice metering has been around for over 100 years and in that time, much has been learned and …

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Measurements of pressure and temperature are made for many reasons and by several methods. This paper will focus on measurements made during gas production and transportation and suggests criteria to be used in the selection and installation of the instruments used to measure these physical properties.

In the gas industry, there are two basic types of regulators used for both pressure reducing and back pressure (relief) control. The two types are

Turbine meters have been used for the custody transfer of refined petroleum products and light crude oils for over 40 years. When correctly applied, they offer high accuracy and long service life over a wide range of products and operating conditions. Traditionally turbine metes were used for the measurement of low viscosity liquids and PD …

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Thiols (mercaptans), alkyl sulfides (dimethyl sulfide and methyl ethyl sulfide), and cyclic sulfides, such as tetrahydrothiophene, have been widely used in the odorization of natural and liquefied petroleum gas due to the fact that natural gas does not possess an odor.

The continual flow of information from field measurement technicians to measurement analysts in the corporate office is extremely demanding and creates tremendous and constant challenges for all organizations.

Hydrocarbon Dew Point (HDP) remains one of the key quality parameters of natural gas streams. Its determination is needed for operational and safety considerations, as well as to satisfy tariffs and regulations in US and overseas pipeline operations.

All around the world, propane, butane and natural gas must be odorized. The odorization ensures a safe transport, distribution and use of this valuable energy to residential buildings. Regulations vary from one country or state to another. The natural gas can be odorized at different points of the gas grid: in some countries (France, Spain, …

Odorant Leak Management Read More »

This paper presents methods for determining the uncertainty of both differential and positive metering stations. It takes into account the type of meter, number of meters in parallel, type of secondary instruments, and the determination of physical properties. The paper then relates this information to potential influence on system balance

Pipelines have transported water, oil and gas for hundreds of years, serving residential communities, industrial sites
and commercial centers reliably and silently. Leak detection systems (LDS) are needed because pipeline spills occur
more frequently as infrastructure ages and more hazardous products are transported. Leak detection systems cannot
prevent leaks, but they can certainly help minimize the consequence of leak. Regrettably, too many leak detection
systems fail to detect leaks, and other leak detection systems are ignored by the operators because they are unreliable.
Thus, leaks that should have been small spills become disasters that cost pipeline owners millions of dollars.