TECHNIQUES OF COMPOSITE SAMPLING
The most important thing in taking a sample is where and how it is taken. A sample can be taken as a spot, composite, or as a continuous sample connected to a chromatograph
Papers
PROPER TESTING OF ODORANT CONCENTRATION LEVELS
Proper odorant monitoring is required to keep natural gas utilities under compliance with federal and state regulations. These monitoring requirements are generally handled through a combination of events including; injection rate calculations, customer complaint calls, routine service personnel tests, odor concentration tests and chromatographic analysis. In the world today it is critical to have appropriate …
UNDERSTANDING DOT/PAM OPERATOR QUALIFICATION PROGRAM
After a decade of deliberation between government and the pipeline industry, the action of the Notice of Proposed Rulemaking requiring qualification for individuals performing covered tasks on a pipeline facility is a reality. The synergistic efforts of the members of the Regulation Negotiation Committee resulted in the authoring of an acceptable proposed rule, Qualification of …
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DEVELOPMENT OF A STANDARD GAS MEASUREMENT DATA MODEL IN SCADA SYSTEMS
In large-scale gas SCADA systems, the variety and extent of field equipment requires a new look at the development of data concentrators, common data models, and broker based messaging for connection to the enterprise. Scanned devices have a limited range of data structures which must be aggregated and normalized to an ‘open’ vendor independent model …
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PROBLEMS UNIQUE TO OFFSHORE MEASUREMENT
As the worldwide demand for oil and gas forces offshore exploration into waters off the continental shelves into depths of over a mile deep, capital expense spending (CapEx) and production operation expense (OpEx) budgets are slashed and the Environmental Health and Safety (EH&S) requirements as well as some companies’ goals for a ‘greener image’ raises …
TERMINOLOGY USED IN INSTRUMENT ACCURACY
The purpose of this paper is to offer a brief explanation and discussion of many key terms used in describing instrument accuracy. The terms included within this discussion are most commonly used for defining performance standards with primary sensing elements typically used in the measurement of flow, level pressure and temperature instruments. Many of the …
TECHNIQUES OF NATURAL GAS SPOT SAMPLING
The need to be able to take a representative sample of a hydrocarbon product is necessary to ensure proper accounting for transactions and efficient product processing. Sampling can be accomplished by primarily three techniques; spot, continuous composite or continuous on-line sampling systems. The various spot sampling methods that are available and the implementation of these …
FUNDAMENTALS OF NATURAL GAS CHEMISTRY
In order to understand the chemistry of natural gas, it is important to be familiar with some basic concepts of general chemistry. Here are some definitions you should know:
REQUIREMENTS OF AN EGM EDITOR
The natural gas industry’s adoption of EGM as a means of increasing the speed and accuracy with which measurement information is obtained. This has created the need for an electronic data management system. These systems, if not properly designed and implemented, could potentially render the entire process useless. Therefore, it is essential that the system …
TRAINING OFFICE MEASUREMENT PERSONNEL
An effective training program makes a significant impact on the bottom line of an organization. Volumes are relative to every purchase and sale of gas. Therefore, accurate volume measurements play either a direct or indirect role in the profitability of all the organizations in our industry. An effective training program is one of the best …
