Papers

Auditing evolved as a business practice as owners began to realize a standardized form of accounting must exist to prevent
fraud. Financial audits made their way into businesses during the late 1700s. The industrial revolution brought about the
separation of job duties beyond what a sole proprietor or family could oversee. Managers were hired to supervise the
employees and the business processes.

This paper will discuss pycnometers and there uses during densitometer provings. The primary objective will be to provide
guidance in the operation and maintenance of a densitometer and pycnometer (pyc) uses, as well as common issues found
during normal conditions.

The purpose of this paper is to explain the measurement of natural gas for custody transfer applications through the
use of ultrasonic meters. Specifically, this paper explains the operation of ultrasonic meters, issues surrounding their
performance in natural gas, calibration procedures, and proper installation considerations.

Wet gas measurement is becoming widely used in the modern oil and gas market place. The effect of entrained liquid in gas
and its impact on measurement systems is being researched world-wide by various laboratories and JIP working groups. The
impact can be very significant financially.

Today’s oil & gas industry is facing major technology changes in the field automation
and control of devices. In the past nearly all SCADA and EFM devices only had a serial
port to gather the data. These devices now have Ethernet ports along with serial ports,
to communicate, control, program and transmit the data back to a company central
data gathering/polling host.

The measurement of natural gas liquids (NGL) is similar in many respects to that of other hydrocarbon liquids but is
markedly different in other aspects. The main difference in NGL measurement is the need to properly address the effects of
solution mixing. Measuring NGL by mass measurement techniques will properly address solution mixing effects because the
mass measurement process is not sensitive to the effect that pressure, temperature and solution mixing have on the fluid
measured.

In the gas industry a standard unit of measure is required. In the English system it is the standard cubic foot. In the metric, it
is the standard cubic meter. This standard unit is the basis of all exchange in the gas industry. When the unit of purchase is
the energy content (BTU) we achieve it by multiplying the BTU content of a standard cubic foot times the number of cubic
feet delivered to the customer. So we must obtain standard cubic feet or meters.

This paper presents fundamental information necessary to understand and appreciate the concept of total
gas energy in a natural gas pipeline. That is, to be able to converse with peers within the natural gas industry
and understand basic concepts and terminology.

The first gas company in the U.S., The Gas Light Company of Baltimore, Maryland, founded in 1816, struggled for years
with financial and technical problems while operating on a “flat rate” basis. Its growth was slow with the charge for gas
service beyond the pocketbook of the majority.

Since the early 1980s, Coriolis meters have gained
worldwide acceptance in gas, liquid, and slurry
applications with an installed base of more than one
million units